Apprentice sorcerers. Evaluating the programme theory of regulatory governance in Italian public utilities

Following the framework of Program theory evaluation, the authors evaluate the process and the impact of regulatory design in Italian Local Public Utilities (LPU) from the Nineties onwards, with regard to three different sectors: water supply and sanitation, municipal waste management and disposal, local public transport. Focus is primarily at the municipal level, given its pivotal role in the system of governance of LPU in the Italian context. After a discussion of the theory of change behind LPU reforms, and an analysis of its intended and unintended consequences, 'Apprentice Sorcerers' concludes suggesting a softer approach for future reforms of LPU in Italy based on a more committed steering by the central government, and more flexible management arrangements at the local level.