Local political systems and new forms of representation The law that reformed the system of the election of mayors and municipal councils in Italy, is considered by many (commentators and scholars) a good law. The new electoral system, in fact, has ensured administrative stability for the municipalities, unlike the previous system, which involved the indirect election of the mayor and the council within the council itself. The previous system has given to the municipal bodies a high level of instability with all the consequences on the plane of administrative action. The majorities that were formed were very often precarious both for the inability of forming post-election alliances and within party conflicts, that in many cases were born of the personal ambition of some councilors to become mayor or to have a more important position. Another positive effect of the reform is the immovability, in practice, of the First Citizen who during the five years of his/her mandate has the opportunity to plan structural interventions without having to worry about keeping together, sometimes with expedients, a majority that supports it. In twenty years of the application of electoral reform, however, there has been a gradual attenuation of the presence of political parties in the (local) regions and, more specifically, also in the city. When and where there are still sections of the party or, at least, similar bodies to the old sections, to these structures a weak activity is assigned, which becomes incomparable with the local situation prior to electoral reform. In addition, the already limited political activity that has been carried out by the sections at the local level, very often ends up being almost completely disconnected from the work done by the city council. Before 1993, national parties had their representatives in the council and these, in carrying out their mandate, most often executed directives which derived from the debate developed in the governing bodies of the party at the local level. It is also true that the representative power of the parties within the municipal councils is much reduced. The party fragmentation has been facilitated in part directly by the new electoral system and partly by electoral strategies that favor the presentation of several lists, and more candidates for councilors, in the same coalition, in order to achieve the consent of a larger number of voters. Deploying more candidates for councilors the voter is more likely to find someone closer to him/her and, then, to vote for him/her. The electoral choice in the municipal election, consequently, has been expanded by the presence of non-party lists that can be found both within the two main coalitions but also in coalitions outside of the center-right and center-left. Therefore, the number of candidates for councilors has increased, and this is an evident paradox in that, with the reform of local authorities and the electoral system, the city council has been widely disempowered. That is, it appears unreasonable that there are so many candidates to win a seat in a council that has objectively little power or, however, much less than in the period before the electoral reform. Among the non-party lists that are mainly outside the two main coalitions, there are some which declare themselves, in various ways, as bearers of a political project for the city, attracting new forms of citizen participation in political and administrative life. The most frequent case of lists with such features is that of cultural-political associations that are already present in the city and decide to face electoral competition, asking for the consent of the citizens. Other combinations and aggregations, however, are formed on the occasion of the municipal elections with (and around) a specific project of the city government, that sometimes turns out to be different from that presented by the traditional parties. These lists, these political associations, in fact, express their intention to return to forms of political participation that, albeit partially in new ways , are very similar to those of the old party system of the First Italian Republic. The object of this work is the verification of what remains in the city after the election. In other words, we intend to verify whether these lists (movements, associations, etc.) that participated in the electoral competition are still active in the city, some time after elections are carried out and if they encourage the participation of citizens in political life. The other aspect that will be investigated is whether the non-party lists, locally at least, can be considered as alternatives to the 'national' parties in the representation of citizens in the municipal council. In order to analyze the activity of non-party lists, the role they have played, and if they are still ‘alive’ in the local territory, we will develop research via the internet to verify if these lists still leave (their) "tracks" or if their presence in municipal elections was only one episode, and a failed attempt of new forms of participation and representation. The use of the internet makes much easier the task of the researcher for this particular work. Indeed, on the web, the initiatives of political parties, movements, associations remain as traces that are left through both the chronicles of the local news websites, and social networks such as Facebook and directly on the website of the list if applicable. The list which will participate in municipal elections almost always maintains a profile on the main social networks during an election campaign, believing, of course, that this network communication is an effective instrument of propaganda. The collection of these "traces" of the activities of non-party lists before and after the elections in some capital cities where voting took place in the years 2011, 2012 and 2013 will allow us to have a real framework of the local political system and to conduct an assessment of the success of the attempt of aggregations of citizens to replace, or complement, the national parties as actors of representative democracy in the communal capacity.
La legge che ha riformato il sistema di elezione dei sindaci e dei consigli comunali in Italia, per i suoi effetti, viene considerata da molti un’ottima legge. Il nuovo sistema elettorale, infatti, ha garantito stabilità amministrativa ai comuni, a differenza del precedente sistema che prevedeva l’elezione indiretta del sindaco e della giunta all’interno del consiglio stesso. Il precedente sistema conferiva agli organi comunali un elevato grado di instabilità con tutte le conseguenze sul piano dell’azione amministrativa. Le maggioranze che si formavano risultavano il più delle volte precarie sia per l’incapacità di costituire alleanze post-elettorali durature e sia per i conflitti all’interno dei partiti che, in molti casi, nascevano dall’ambizione personale dei consiglieri di diventare sindaco o assessore. Un altro effetto positivo della riforma è l’inamovibilità, in pratica, del primo cittadino che nel corso dei cinque anni del suo mandato ha l’opportunità di programmare interventi strutturali senza avere la preoccupazione di mantenere in piedi, a volte con espedienti, una maggioranza che lo sostiene. Nel ventennio di applicazione della riforma elettorale si è assistito, però, al graduale assottigliamento della presenza dei partiti politici sul territorio e, nello specifico, anche nelle città. Quando ancora esistono sezioni di partito o, comunque, organismi similari alle vecchie sezioni, ad esse viene attribuita una flebile attività, che diventa incomparabile con la situazione locale pre-riforma elettorale. Inoltre la già scarsa attività politica svolta dalle sezioni in ambito locale molte volte risulta quasi del tutto scollegata dall’attività svolta dal consiglio comunale. Prima del 1993 i partiti (nazionali) avevano i loro rappresentanti in consiglio e questi, nell’espletamento del loro mandato, il più delle volte eseguivano le direttive scaturite dal dibattito avvenuto negli organi direttivi del partito in sede locale. E’ anche vero che la forza rappresentativa dei partiti all’interno dei consigli comunali si è di molto ridotta. La frammentazione partitica è stata favorita in parte direttamente dal nuovo sistema elettorale e in parte dalle strategie elettorali che propendono per una presentazione di più liste, e più candidati consiglieri, nella stessa coalizione nell’intento di ottenere il consenso di più elettori. Schierando più candidati consiglieri, l’elettore ha più possibilità di trovare qualcuno a lui più vicino e, quindi, votarlo. L’offerta elettorale nelle comunali, conseguentemente, si è ampliata per la presenza di liste non partitiche che si possono trovare sia all’interno delle due principali coalizioni ma anche in coalizioni al di fuori del centrodestra e centrosinistra. Quindi è aumentato il numero di candidati consiglieri e ciò in evidente paradosso per il fatto che il consiglio comunale, dalla riforma degli enti locali e del sistema elettorale, è stato ampiamente depotenziato. Cioè appare irragionevole che vi siano tanti candidati per conquistare un seggio in consiglio che obiettivamente conta poco o, comunque, molto meno che nel periodo prima della riforma elettorale. Fra le liste non partitiche presenti soprattutto al di fuori delle due principali coalizioni, ve ne sono alcune che si dichiarano, in vario modo, portatrici di un progetto politico per la città richiamando nuove forme di partecipazione dei cittadini alla vita politica e amministrativa. Il caso più frequente di liste con tali caratteristiche è quello di associazioni culturali-politiche presenti da tempo in città e che decidono di confrontarsi nella competizione elettorale chiedendo il consenso ai cittadini. Altre aggregazioni, invece, si formano nell’occasione delle elezioni comunali con uno specifico progetto di governo della città, a volte differente da quello presentato dai partiti tradizionali. Queste liste, queste associazioni politiche, in pratica, manifestano l’intenzione di ritornare a forme di partecipazione politica che, seppure parzialmente nuove nei modi, sono molto simili a quelle del vecchio sistema dei partiti della prima repubblica. L’oggetto di questo lavoro è la verifica di quello che rimane nelle città dopo la tornata elettorale. In altri termini, intendiamo verificare se tali liste (movimenti, associazioni, ecc.) che si sono presentate nella competizione elettorale sono ancora attive nella città a distanza di tempo dallo svolgimento delle elezioni e favoriscono la partecipazione dei cittadini alla vita politica. L’altro aspetto che sarà indagato è se le liste non partitiche, almeno a livello locale, siano considerate alternative ai partiti “nazionali” nella rappresentanza dei cittadini al consiglio comunale. Per effettuare la verifica dell’attività che le liste non partitiche hanno svolto e se sono ancora presenti sul territorio effettueremo una ricerca sulla rete internet appunto per verificare se tali liste lasciano ancora “tracce” o se la presenza alle elezioni comunali sia stato solo un episodio, un tentativo non riuscito di nuove forme di partecipazione e rappresentanza. Il ricorso ad internet agevola molto il compito del ricercatore per questo specifico lavoro. Infatti delle iniziative di partiti politici, di movimenti, di associazioni rimane traccia su internet attraverso sia le cronache dei siti giornalistici locali, sia i social network, quale facebook e sia direttamente attraverso l’eventuale sito della lista. Quasi sempre in occasione della campagna elettorale viene aperto sul principale social network un profilo della lista che partecipa alle elezioni comunali, ritenendo, appunto, che la comunicazione in rete sia un efficace strumento di propaganda. La raccolta delle “tracce” delle attività delle liste non partitiche prima e dopo le elezioni in alcune città capoluogo dove si è votato negli anni 2011, 2012 e 2013 ci consentirà di avere un quadro quanto più reale del sistema politico locale nonché di svolgere una valutazione sulla riuscita del tentativo di aggregazioni di cittadini di sostituire, o affiancare, i partiti nazionali quali attori della democrazia rappresentativa in ambito comunale.
Sistemi politici locali e nuove forme di partecipazione e rappresentanza
DE LUCA, Roberto
2013-01-01
Abstract
Local political systems and new forms of representation The law that reformed the system of the election of mayors and municipal councils in Italy, is considered by many (commentators and scholars) a good law. The new electoral system, in fact, has ensured administrative stability for the municipalities, unlike the previous system, which involved the indirect election of the mayor and the council within the council itself. The previous system has given to the municipal bodies a high level of instability with all the consequences on the plane of administrative action. The majorities that were formed were very often precarious both for the inability of forming post-election alliances and within party conflicts, that in many cases were born of the personal ambition of some councilors to become mayor or to have a more important position. Another positive effect of the reform is the immovability, in practice, of the First Citizen who during the five years of his/her mandate has the opportunity to plan structural interventions without having to worry about keeping together, sometimes with expedients, a majority that supports it. In twenty years of the application of electoral reform, however, there has been a gradual attenuation of the presence of political parties in the (local) regions and, more specifically, also in the city. When and where there are still sections of the party or, at least, similar bodies to the old sections, to these structures a weak activity is assigned, which becomes incomparable with the local situation prior to electoral reform. In addition, the already limited political activity that has been carried out by the sections at the local level, very often ends up being almost completely disconnected from the work done by the city council. Before 1993, national parties had their representatives in the council and these, in carrying out their mandate, most often executed directives which derived from the debate developed in the governing bodies of the party at the local level. It is also true that the representative power of the parties within the municipal councils is much reduced. The party fragmentation has been facilitated in part directly by the new electoral system and partly by electoral strategies that favor the presentation of several lists, and more candidates for councilors, in the same coalition, in order to achieve the consent of a larger number of voters. Deploying more candidates for councilors the voter is more likely to find someone closer to him/her and, then, to vote for him/her. The electoral choice in the municipal election, consequently, has been expanded by the presence of non-party lists that can be found both within the two main coalitions but also in coalitions outside of the center-right and center-left. Therefore, the number of candidates for councilors has increased, and this is an evident paradox in that, with the reform of local authorities and the electoral system, the city council has been widely disempowered. That is, it appears unreasonable that there are so many candidates to win a seat in a council that has objectively little power or, however, much less than in the period before the electoral reform. Among the non-party lists that are mainly outside the two main coalitions, there are some which declare themselves, in various ways, as bearers of a political project for the city, attracting new forms of citizen participation in political and administrative life. The most frequent case of lists with such features is that of cultural-political associations that are already present in the city and decide to face electoral competition, asking for the consent of the citizens. Other combinations and aggregations, however, are formed on the occasion of the municipal elections with (and around) a specific project of the city government, that sometimes turns out to be different from that presented by the traditional parties. These lists, these political associations, in fact, express their intention to return to forms of political participation that, albeit partially in new ways , are very similar to those of the old party system of the First Italian Republic. The object of this work is the verification of what remains in the city after the election. In other words, we intend to verify whether these lists (movements, associations, etc.) that participated in the electoral competition are still active in the city, some time after elections are carried out and if they encourage the participation of citizens in political life. The other aspect that will be investigated is whether the non-party lists, locally at least, can be considered as alternatives to the 'national' parties in the representation of citizens in the municipal council. In order to analyze the activity of non-party lists, the role they have played, and if they are still ‘alive’ in the local territory, we will develop research via the internet to verify if these lists still leave (their) "tracks" or if their presence in municipal elections was only one episode, and a failed attempt of new forms of participation and representation. The use of the internet makes much easier the task of the researcher for this particular work. Indeed, on the web, the initiatives of political parties, movements, associations remain as traces that are left through both the chronicles of the local news websites, and social networks such as Facebook and directly on the website of the list if applicable. The list which will participate in municipal elections almost always maintains a profile on the main social networks during an election campaign, believing, of course, that this network communication is an effective instrument of propaganda. The collection of these "traces" of the activities of non-party lists before and after the elections in some capital cities where voting took place in the years 2011, 2012 and 2013 will allow us to have a real framework of the local political system and to conduct an assessment of the success of the attempt of aggregations of citizens to replace, or complement, the national parties as actors of representative democracy in the communal capacity.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.