Photocatalytic Processes in Membrane Reactors

3.07.1 Introduction 166 3.07.2 Photocatalysis as a Green Process 166 3.07.2.1 Basics of Heterogeneous Photocatalysis 167 3.07.2.1.1 Mechanism 167 3.07.2.1.2 Photocatalytic reaction parameters 168 3.07.3 Photocatalytic Activity of Semiconductor Materials 170 3.07.3.1 Photocatalysts 170 3.07.3.2 Titanium Dioxide 170 3.07.3.3 New Generation of Photocatalysts 170 3.07.4 Applications of the Photocatalytic Technologies 172 3.07.4.1 Purification Processes 172 3.07.4.1.1 Total oxidation of environmental pollutants 172 3.07.4.1.2 Removal of toxic metal ions 173 3.07.4.1.3 Conversion of inorganic contaminants 173 3.07.4.1.4 Antimicrobial and antitumor activity 173 3.07.4.2 Synthetic Pathways 173 3.07.4.2.1 Selective oxidations and reductions 173 3.07.4.2.2 Functionalization 174 3.07.4.2.3 Hydrogen evolution 174 3.07.4.3 Photocatalysis Coupled with Other Technologies 174 3.07.5 Potentials and Limits of the Photocatalytic Processes 175 3.07.6 PMRs with Suspended Catalyst 176 3.07.6.1 Introduction 176 3.07.6.2 Variables Influencing the Performance of PMRs 176 3.07.6.3 Types of PMRs 177 3.07.6.3.1 Pressurized membrane photoreactors 177 3.07.6.3.2 Submerged (depressurized) membrane photoreactors 178 3.07.6.3.3 Photocatalytic membrane contactors 179 3.07.6.4 Future Perspectives: Solar Energy 180 3.07.7 Outline on Kinetic Models in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Reactions and Modeling of Membrane Photoreactors 181 3.07.7.1 Introduction 181 3.07.7.2 Adsorption Kinetics 181 3.07.7.3 Photocatalytic Kinetics 182 3.07.7.4 Quantum Yield and Relative Photonic Efficiency 183 3.07.7.5 Modeling of PMR 184 3.07.8 Case Study: Partial and Total Oxidation Reactions in PMRS 185 3.07.8.1 One-Step Synthesis and Separation of Phenol in a PMC 185 3.07.8.2 Photodegradation of Pharmaceutical in PPMR and SPMR 186 3.07.9 Conclusions 188 References 189 165