The publication of a book is both liberating and exciting: after a lengthy period of research, comparisons and hypotheses, you almost arrive at the point of giving up while convincing yourself of the usefulness produced and of its necessity. This book initially arose from educational needs - to make students aware of the reasons for an Architectural Survey – but it is also the result of the desire or ambition to recalibrate the interests of the discipline on the topics of architectural analysis and interpretation (of archaeology and of cultural assets). These topics are often underestimated, in particular, by external operators in the areas of projects, restoration etc.; even though technically brilliant, they imagine that a survey is only for the replication or reproduction resembling architectural works, omitting all that imbues the research and study of the same works and establishes almost a sort of competition between “technique” and “intense” work that is typical of architectural knowledge. With normally used tools and the language of representation, the survey succeeds in “reinventing” the architectural form, discovering it as a store of knowledge and a principle of unity. Yet, it is not just this. Investigations and designs permitted by the survey offer, perhaps, the most complete manner to evaluate a work and discover the order: they determine the operative environment of the aims and cultural options necessary to formulate conjectures and to implement a properly conducted research dedicated to architecture, be it ancient or modern. It is due to the definition of such an environment that it is possible to effectively use instruments, methods and different skills and transform architecture into a “heterogeneous” set, that can be correctly analyzed (precisely because it has been made analytically heterogeneous). Investigations and graphic processing allow, each time, for the building of a “version” - a series of versions – of the completed work; this can define problems and direct attention. It is a version that not only serves to reproduce the appearance of the architecture in question, but also the set of relations (formal, functional, technical-constructional, etc.) that support it. These can be grasped and highlighted by the surveyor with more and more organized graphics and convincing renderings, thus allowing the collection of information, classifying and comparing them and creating a real path for knowledge and architectural interpretation. In recent years, in journalism, new tools, programs or acquisition of algorithms for image processing have often been spoken about. However, little has been said of the analysis of the works and of the strictly figural nature of architecture (archaeology and cultural heritage in general), which can be analyzed and interpreted only through the language of representation and images that emerge from its exercise. There is little talk of the survey as a unique opportunity to highlight project benchmarks and read them in a unified manner; often, examining forms, construction techniques and spaces and, above all, evaluating the very close reciprocal relations between these categories of architecture is neglected. The control of procedures disciplining the acquisition and attainment of verisimilitude of designs are found to be the only objectives to be met, even if it is at the expense of the singularity of the works and relations that, unequivocally, are created internally and with neighbouring buildings. L. Quaroni, some decades ago, stated that “it cannot be expressed and communicated unless with evidently graphic means and these are of great importance because, opportunely chosen and used with skill, can effectively represent, simulate the desired designed reality; yet it is necessary to be careful not to confuse (…)the quality of a design with the quality of the project it represents, and to not be enamoured with the charm of graphics” (L. Quaroni, 1977). Beyond the “graphic means” or references to traditional design, the quotation above invites us to consider all images, either computer or traditional ones, in relation to the educational/ communicative hierarchy that they establish and, that serve to explore the various aspects of an architectural event (real data, logical connections, design connections, etc.). With real data, the survey also considers archival documents, studies and images from the past, which form “the tradition” with which each new survey must be compared. Exaggerating a bit, but just a little, it could even be said that architecture would have no way of having the possibility of knowledge, without the group of operations that surveying can prepare. It is due to the efficiency of the survey that problems are stated and specific inquiries are prepared that can identify the design rules, the role of the parties and promote “making clear” content that is normally held by any architectural shape. This book consists of five chapters: the first addresses underlying motivations and, so to speak, the philosophy of the discipline: the study area that the survey action is capable of preparing leads to the formulation of new interpretations of elements (or of whole parts), instrumental applications and to the organization of research actions and figurative devices (graphic schemes, thematic renderings, verisimilitude restorations , etc.) for knowledge, conservation or recovery. The second chapter proposes a selection of people and of excellent surveys that serve to classify the contents of the discipline and the analytical potential that, even today, it is based on. Starting from the portfolio of Villard de Honnecourt, the evolution of architectural surveying has recorded continuous updates on representation, measuring instruments and graphic techniques of analysis: sometimes it is from constructional requirements that new figurative models arise, other times it is for cognitive needs that completely new images are promoted for the control of the formal complexity of architectural works. Therefore, it is not a “history” of survey methods, but rather a repertory of ways, attentions and models of knowledge to understand and to remember. The third chapter examines new techniques for surveying (3D scanners, digital photogrammetry, etc.) and the “revolutionary” novelty of 3D digital models, which require a genuine refoundation of the discipline activities, both in the acquisition and in the restitution phase; 3D models that allow measurability and wide operability on each architectural component, on which it is easy to intervene and that leads to an extended series of simulations that interact - conditioning them - in the analytical and interpretive processes. Two fact sheets accompany the chapter and serve to clarify further, the novelty of the new survey methods. The fourth chapter regards architectural analysis and considers the “ways” in which the architectural work communicates itself and the rendering it can solicit, still considering it they surveyor’s task to acquire data and elaborate the most suitable elaborations so that their contents can be expressed. The final chapter deals with the interpretation of urban space, seen as the effective “material” of the city. The open space of roads and squares is normally the only connective tissue between the built volumes; it was the necessary precondition in the building and functioning of the ancient city. Moreover, it is to all of the spaces that we refer, to public and semi-public spaces, which, although devoid of immediately evident geometric determinations, cannot be considered as accidental or incidental to the city.
La pubblicazione di un libro ha in sé sempre qualcosa di liberatorio e di esaltante insieme: dopo un lungo periodo di ricerche, confronti ed ipotesi si arriva, quasi, a non poterne più e, nello stesso tempo, a convincersi dell’utilità di quel che si è prodotto e della sua necessità. Questo libro trova la sua spinta iniziale nelle esigenze didattiche – per fare conoscere agli studenti le ragioni del Rilievo dell’Architettura – ma anche nella volontà o nell’ambizione di ricalibrare gli interessi della disciplina sui temi propri dell’analisi e dell’interpretazione architettonica (dell’archeologia, dei beni culturali …); temi spesso sottovalutati, in particolare, dagli operatori esterni alle aree del progetto, del restauro, ecc. che, pure brillanti tecnicamente, immaginano per il rilievo la sola funzione di replica o di riproduzione somigliante delle opere oggetto di studio, tralasciando tutto quel che intride la ricerca e lo sulle stesse opere e quasi instaurando una sorta di competizione fra la “tecnica” ed il lavoro “fabrile”, tipico della conoscenza architettonica. Con gli strumenti che normalmente adopera ed il linguaggio della rappresentazione, il rilievo arriva a “reinventare” la forma architettonica, a scoprirla come deposito di conoscenza e principio di unità. Ma non c’è solo questo. Le indagini e gli elaborati che il rilievo permette di realizzare offrono, forse, il modo più completo per valutare un’opera e scoprirne l’ordine: determinano l’ambiente operativo delle finalità e delle opzioni culturali necessario per formulare congetture ed attuare una condotta di ricerca propriamente dedicata all’architettura, antica o moderna che sia. È per la definizione di un simile ambiente che diviene possibile utilizzare con efficacia strumentazioni, metodi e competenze differenti e trasformare l’architettura in un insieme “eterogeneo”, correttamente analizzabile (analizzabile proprio perché reso analiticamente eterogeneo). Le indagini e le elaborazioni grafiche permettono ogni volta di costruire una “versione” - una serie di versioni - dell’opera realizzata, in grado di definire problemi e di indirizzare l’attenzione; una versione che non serve solo per riprodurre l’aspetto dell’architettura in esame, ma l’insieme delle relazioni (formali, funzionali, tecnico-costruttive, ecc.) che la sostengono e che il rilevatore è in grado di cogliere ed evidenziare: con grafici via via più organizzati e convincenti le restituzioni consentono di accumulare informazioni, classificarle, compararle e comporre un vero e proprio percorso per la conoscenza e l’interpretazione architettonica Nella pubblicistica degli ultimi anni spesso si parla di nuovi strumenti, programmi acquisizione o di algoritmi per il trattamento delle immagini, mentre si parla poco di analisi delle opere e della natura propriamente figurale dell’architettura (dell’archeologia e dei beni culturali, in genere), che può analizzarsi solo attraverso il linguaggio della rappresentazione e le immagini che il suo esercizio lascia emergere. Vale a dire, si parla poco del rilievo come occasione irripetibile per evidenziare riferimenti progettuali e leggerli in modo unitario; spesso, si trascura di esaminare forme, tecniche costruttive o spazi e, soprattutto, di valutare i rapporti reciproci strettissimi che intercorrono fra queste categorie dell’architettura. Il controllo delle procedure che disciplinano le acquisizioni ed il conseguimento della somiglianza si trovano ad essere i soli obiettivi da raggiungere, anche a scapito della singolarità delle opere e dei rapporti che instaurano al loro interno e con le fabbriche contermini. L’architettura, scriveva L. Quaroni alcuni decenni fa, “non può essere espressa e comunicata che con mezzi evidentemente grafici e questi hanno grande importanza perché, scelti opportunamente e usati con maestria, possono effettivamente rappresentare, simulare la voluta realtà progettuale; ma occorre stare molto attenti a non confondere (…) la bontà di un disegno con la bontà del progetto che rappresenta, e a non innamorarsi del fascino della grafica” (L. Quaroni, 1977). Al di là dei “mezzi grafici” o dei richiami al disegno tradizionale, la citazione che precede ci invita a considerare tutte le elaborazioni, informatiche o tradizionali che siano, in relazione alla gerarchia formativa/ comunicativa che istituiscono ed al fine che assolvono per esplorare i vari aspetti di un evento architettonico (dati reali, nessi logici, progettuali, ecc.). E con i dati reali, il rilievo considera anche i documenti d’archivio che formano “la tradizione” con cui ogni nuovo rilievo deve confrontarsi. Esagerando un po’, ma solo un po’, potrebbe anche dirsi che l’architettura non avrebbe modo di raggiungere una sua “legalità” conoscitiva, senza il complesso delle operazioni che il rilevamento è in grado di approntare: è per l’efficienza del rilievo che si precisano problemi, si predispongono indagini specifiche e può promuoversi la “messa in chiaro” dei contenuti che, di norma, ogni conformazione architettonica trattiene. Questo libro si compone di cinque capitoli: il primo affronta le motivazioni di fondo e, per così dire, la filosofia della disciplina: ambiente di studio che l’azione di rilevamento è in grado di approntare induce a formulare nuove interpretazioni di elementi (o di intere parti), applicazioni strumentali e ad organizzare azioni di ricerca e dispositivi figurativi - schemi grafici, restituzioni tematiche, restituzioni somiglianti, ecc. - volti alla conoscenza, alla conservazione o al recupero. Il secondo capitolo propone una selezione di personalità e di rilievi eccellenti, che valgono per classificare i contenuti della disciplina e le potenzialità analitiche che, ancora oggi, la giustificano. A partire dal taccuino di Villard de Honnecourt l’evoluzione del rilievo d’architettura registra, infatti, un continuo succedersi di aggiornamenti sulla rappresentazione, gli strumenti di misura e le tecniche grafiche di analisi: a volte è per esigenze costruttive che scaturiscono nuovi modelli figurativi, altre volte invece è per necessità conoscitive che si promuovono immagini del tutto inedite per il controllo della complessità formale delle fabbriche architettoniche. Dunque, non tanto una storia sui metodi per rilevare, ma un repertorio di modalità, attenzioni e modelli di conoscenza da apprendere e ricordare. Il terzo capitolo esamina le nuove tecniche per il rilievo (scanner 3D, fotogrammetria digitale ...) e la novità “rivoluzionaria” dei modelli digitali 3D, che impongono una vera e propria rifondazione delle attività disciplinari sia nella fase di acquisizione che in quella di restituzione; modelli 3D che permettono una misurabilità ed un’operatività diffuse su ogni componente dell’architettura, su cui è facile intervenire ed in grado di dare luogo a serie estese di simulazioni che, di fatto, interagiscono – condizionandoli - nei processi analitici ed interpretativi. Due schede di approfondimento accompagnano il capitolo e servono per chiarire, ulteriormente, le novità dei nuovi metodi per rilevare. Il quarto capitolo è relativo all’analisi architettonica e considera i “modi” in cui l’opera d’architettura comunica se stessa e le restituzioni che è in grado di sollecitare; ancora, considera come compito del rilevatore acquisire dati ed elaborare le rappresentazioni più idonee, perché i contenuti della stessa opera trovino espressione. L’ultimo capitolo riguarda la lettura dello spazio urbano, visto come effettivo “materiale” della città. Lo spazio libero di strade e piazze è, di norma, l’unico tessuto connettivo esistente tra i volumi costruiti; è il presupposto necessario perché le città antiche si realizzino e funzionino. Ed è all’insieme degli spazi liberi che facciamo riferimento, a spazi pubblici e semipubblici che, seppure privi di determinazioni geometriche, non possono considerarsi casuali per la città.
Rilievo dell'Architettura e dello Spazio urbano. Evoluzione nuove tecniche nuovi modelli di conoscenza
DE SANCTIS, Aldo
2015-01-01
Abstract
The publication of a book is both liberating and exciting: after a lengthy period of research, comparisons and hypotheses, you almost arrive at the point of giving up while convincing yourself of the usefulness produced and of its necessity. This book initially arose from educational needs - to make students aware of the reasons for an Architectural Survey – but it is also the result of the desire or ambition to recalibrate the interests of the discipline on the topics of architectural analysis and interpretation (of archaeology and of cultural assets). These topics are often underestimated, in particular, by external operators in the areas of projects, restoration etc.; even though technically brilliant, they imagine that a survey is only for the replication or reproduction resembling architectural works, omitting all that imbues the research and study of the same works and establishes almost a sort of competition between “technique” and “intense” work that is typical of architectural knowledge. With normally used tools and the language of representation, the survey succeeds in “reinventing” the architectural form, discovering it as a store of knowledge and a principle of unity. Yet, it is not just this. Investigations and designs permitted by the survey offer, perhaps, the most complete manner to evaluate a work and discover the order: they determine the operative environment of the aims and cultural options necessary to formulate conjectures and to implement a properly conducted research dedicated to architecture, be it ancient or modern. It is due to the definition of such an environment that it is possible to effectively use instruments, methods and different skills and transform architecture into a “heterogeneous” set, that can be correctly analyzed (precisely because it has been made analytically heterogeneous). Investigations and graphic processing allow, each time, for the building of a “version” - a series of versions – of the completed work; this can define problems and direct attention. It is a version that not only serves to reproduce the appearance of the architecture in question, but also the set of relations (formal, functional, technical-constructional, etc.) that support it. These can be grasped and highlighted by the surveyor with more and more organized graphics and convincing renderings, thus allowing the collection of information, classifying and comparing them and creating a real path for knowledge and architectural interpretation. In recent years, in journalism, new tools, programs or acquisition of algorithms for image processing have often been spoken about. However, little has been said of the analysis of the works and of the strictly figural nature of architecture (archaeology and cultural heritage in general), which can be analyzed and interpreted only through the language of representation and images that emerge from its exercise. There is little talk of the survey as a unique opportunity to highlight project benchmarks and read them in a unified manner; often, examining forms, construction techniques and spaces and, above all, evaluating the very close reciprocal relations between these categories of architecture is neglected. The control of procedures disciplining the acquisition and attainment of verisimilitude of designs are found to be the only objectives to be met, even if it is at the expense of the singularity of the works and relations that, unequivocally, are created internally and with neighbouring buildings. L. Quaroni, some decades ago, stated that “it cannot be expressed and communicated unless with evidently graphic means and these are of great importance because, opportunely chosen and used with skill, can effectively represent, simulate the desired designed reality; yet it is necessary to be careful not to confuse (…)the quality of a design with the quality of the project it represents, and to not be enamoured with the charm of graphics” (L. Quaroni, 1977). Beyond the “graphic means” or references to traditional design, the quotation above invites us to consider all images, either computer or traditional ones, in relation to the educational/ communicative hierarchy that they establish and, that serve to explore the various aspects of an architectural event (real data, logical connections, design connections, etc.). With real data, the survey also considers archival documents, studies and images from the past, which form “the tradition” with which each new survey must be compared. Exaggerating a bit, but just a little, it could even be said that architecture would have no way of having the possibility of knowledge, without the group of operations that surveying can prepare. It is due to the efficiency of the survey that problems are stated and specific inquiries are prepared that can identify the design rules, the role of the parties and promote “making clear” content that is normally held by any architectural shape. This book consists of five chapters: the first addresses underlying motivations and, so to speak, the philosophy of the discipline: the study area that the survey action is capable of preparing leads to the formulation of new interpretations of elements (or of whole parts), instrumental applications and to the organization of research actions and figurative devices (graphic schemes, thematic renderings, verisimilitude restorations , etc.) for knowledge, conservation or recovery. The second chapter proposes a selection of people and of excellent surveys that serve to classify the contents of the discipline and the analytical potential that, even today, it is based on. Starting from the portfolio of Villard de Honnecourt, the evolution of architectural surveying has recorded continuous updates on representation, measuring instruments and graphic techniques of analysis: sometimes it is from constructional requirements that new figurative models arise, other times it is for cognitive needs that completely new images are promoted for the control of the formal complexity of architectural works. Therefore, it is not a “history” of survey methods, but rather a repertory of ways, attentions and models of knowledge to understand and to remember. The third chapter examines new techniques for surveying (3D scanners, digital photogrammetry, etc.) and the “revolutionary” novelty of 3D digital models, which require a genuine refoundation of the discipline activities, both in the acquisition and in the restitution phase; 3D models that allow measurability and wide operability on each architectural component, on which it is easy to intervene and that leads to an extended series of simulations that interact - conditioning them - in the analytical and interpretive processes. Two fact sheets accompany the chapter and serve to clarify further, the novelty of the new survey methods. The fourth chapter regards architectural analysis and considers the “ways” in which the architectural work communicates itself and the rendering it can solicit, still considering it they surveyor’s task to acquire data and elaborate the most suitable elaborations so that their contents can be expressed. The final chapter deals with the interpretation of urban space, seen as the effective “material” of the city. The open space of roads and squares is normally the only connective tissue between the built volumes; it was the necessary precondition in the building and functioning of the ancient city. Moreover, it is to all of the spaces that we refer, to public and semi-public spaces, which, although devoid of immediately evident geometric determinations, cannot be considered as accidental or incidental to the city.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.