The existence of a right to a stable and safe climate, as a specification of the more general right to a healtful environment, clearly emerges from the Held V. State of Montana ruling (Montana 1st Judicial District, N° CDV-2020-307, August 14, 2023). The Lewis and Clark County District Court, in particular, has directly derived from the State Constitution the existence of a duty, both negative and positive, on the part of state bodies, to protect the environment as a present and future ecosystem, concluding on the need of a strict control by public authorities on the environmental impact of the oil and mining industries. One of the characterizing elements in the ruling certainly concerns the controversial question of the direct applicability of constitutional provisions, clarified in the present case: according to the Court, indeed, once a provision that implicates individual constitutional rights - even if not self-executing - has been concretely executed (or violated) by the Legislature, the discussion about its direct applicability becomes superfluous. It follows from that approach that it is no longer an exclusive prerogative of the State legislature to draw the limits of environmental protection; in fact, the enforceability of the constitutionally guaranteed right by any interested individual is confirmed along with the respective responsibility for its violation. The consequences of this case, in light of the presence of similar constitutional provisions in several other state systems, could be significant in the United States, contributing to the evolution of the elaboration of the corporate social responsibility theory. In Italy, as well-known, the purpose of the revision of articles 9 and 41 of the Constitution has found its greatest limitation, in terms of corporate responsibility, precisely in the theory of the inapplicability of constitutional rules to private parties. Therefore, it is necessary, despite the differences between the Italian and US systems, to carry out careful reflections on the possibility of direct application of constitutional principles also in our legal system, with particular reference to the obligations to prevention and precaution, as analysed in detail by the Montana Judge.
Emerge nitidamente dalla pronuncia HELD V. STATE OF MONTANA (Montana 1st Judicial District, N° CDV-2020-307, 14 agosto 2023, l’esistenza di un diritto ad un clima stabile e sicuro come specificazione del più generale diritto ad un ambiente salubre. La Corte Suprema dello Stato del Montana, in particolare, ha ricavato direttamente dalla Costituzione statale la sussistenza di un dovere tanto negativo quanto positivo, in capo ai pubblici poteri, di protezione dell’ambiente inteso come ecosistema presente e futuro, concludendo per la necessità di uno stretto controllo da parte delle autorità pubbliche sull’impatto ambientale delle industrie petrolifere e minerarie. Uno degli elementi caratterizzanti la pronuncia attiene sicuramente all’annosa e controversa questione della diretta applicabilità delle disposizioni costituzionali, chiarita nel caso de quo: secondo la Corte, invero, una volta che una norma costituzionale – ancorché non self-executing - abbia trovato concreta esecuzione (ovvero violazione) da parte del legislatore, la discussione sulla sua diretta applicabilità diviene superflua. Sulla scorta di detta impostazione ne consegue, dunque, che non è più prerogativa esclusiva del legislatore statale tracciare i limiti della tutela dell’ambiente, infatti, viene ribadita l’azionabilità del diritto costituzionalmente garantito da parte di qualsiasi soggetto privato interessato e, specularmente, la correlativa responsabilità per la sua violazione. Le conseguenze di questo precedente, alla luce della presenza in diversi altri ordinamenti statali di disposizioni costituzionali alquanto simili a quelle del Montana, potrebbero essere significative negli Stati Uniti, contribuendo all’evoluzione dell’elaborazione della teoria della responsabilità sociale d’impresa. In Italia, è noto, la portata della riforma degli articoli 9 e 41 della Costituzione ha trovato proprio nella teoria dell’inapplicabilità delle norme costituzionali ai privati il suo più grande limite in tema di responsabilità delle imprese. Dunque, occorre, nonostante le differenze tra il sistema italiano e quello statunitense, svolgere attente riflessioni in merito alla possibilità dell’applicazione diretta anche nel nostro ordinamento dei principi costituzionali, con particolare riferimento agli obblighi di prevenzione e precauzione, così come dettagliatamente analizzati dal Giudice del montana.
La diretta applicabilità nei rapporti tra privati dei principi costituzionali: alcune riflessioni a seguito della pronuncia Held v. State of Montana (Montana 1st Judicial District, N° CDV-2020-307, 14 agosto 2023)
Giuseppe Percoco
2023-01-01
Abstract
The existence of a right to a stable and safe climate, as a specification of the more general right to a healtful environment, clearly emerges from the Held V. State of Montana ruling (Montana 1st Judicial District, N° CDV-2020-307, August 14, 2023). The Lewis and Clark County District Court, in particular, has directly derived from the State Constitution the existence of a duty, both negative and positive, on the part of state bodies, to protect the environment as a present and future ecosystem, concluding on the need of a strict control by public authorities on the environmental impact of the oil and mining industries. One of the characterizing elements in the ruling certainly concerns the controversial question of the direct applicability of constitutional provisions, clarified in the present case: according to the Court, indeed, once a provision that implicates individual constitutional rights - even if not self-executing - has been concretely executed (or violated) by the Legislature, the discussion about its direct applicability becomes superfluous. It follows from that approach that it is no longer an exclusive prerogative of the State legislature to draw the limits of environmental protection; in fact, the enforceability of the constitutionally guaranteed right by any interested individual is confirmed along with the respective responsibility for its violation. The consequences of this case, in light of the presence of similar constitutional provisions in several other state systems, could be significant in the United States, contributing to the evolution of the elaboration of the corporate social responsibility theory. In Italy, as well-known, the purpose of the revision of articles 9 and 41 of the Constitution has found its greatest limitation, in terms of corporate responsibility, precisely in the theory of the inapplicability of constitutional rules to private parties. Therefore, it is necessary, despite the differences between the Italian and US systems, to carry out careful reflections on the possibility of direct application of constitutional principles also in our legal system, with particular reference to the obligations to prevention and precaution, as analysed in detail by the Montana Judge.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.