Versatility of microbial laccases in industrial applications

Laccases are widely distributed in nature, from prokaryotes to lower eukaryotes, and are responsible for the biological degradation of lignin. These enzymes have received much attention due to their high relative nonspecific oxidation capability toward a wide-range of substrates without the need for expensive cofactors, as well as their good stability in organic solvents. Moreover, laccases isolated from bacteria exhibit tolerance to alkaline pHs and temperatures up to 50°C. In recent years, laccases from different sources have found application in many industrial fields as stable and powerful biocatalysts. This chapter aims to provide up-to-date information on their biotechnological applications, including a comprehensive analysis of literature and patents reported until now. It will explore innovative trends using laccases. as well as limitations and challenges for their main applications such as lignocellulosic treatments, paper and pulp industry, biosensor design, organic synthesis and textile applications, food processing, healthcare, and medical devices.