Hydrogen economy development in the European Union

In this chapter, the growth of the hydrogen economy within the European Union (EU) is presented and discussed, since hydrogen technologies and their significant potential contribution to decarbonize several energy sectors are becoming essential elements in the current European energy transition. The chapter presents hydrogen as flexible and reliable energy carrier, essential to attaining carbon neutrality in Europe as well as boosting power safety and security in the middle of the international climate change and pollution crisis. Beginning with a quick historic introduction, the chapter presents the development of hydrogen usage in Europe transitioning from commercial applications to an essential of the EU's sustainable energy future, and it analyzes the existing state of the art of the hydrogen economy, highlighting leading nations, existing and upcoming markets, and green hydrogen schemes of certification. In addition, the chapter presents the main drivers and existing policies and strategies of the European Union, supporting the hydrogen economy development, as well as the future hydrogen share in the future European energy mix. Finally, some of the main successful hydrogen initiatives and projects in the EU are presented.