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Aims High chromogranin-A (CgA) levels were observed in patientswith heart failure but its source remained uncertain. We evaluated whether CgA is produced by myocardium and might affect myocardial function. Methods and results We measured plasma CgA levels and performed immunohistochemistry with anti-CgA antibodies on myocardial biopsies in 40 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and 20 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Surgical myocardial specimens from DCM and HCM patients were used for PCR and ELISA. The presence of CgA-derived fragments in plasma was evaluated by gel-filtration HPLC and their effects on cardiac performance assessed in isolated perfused rat heart. All patients showed increased CgA plasma levels (DCM 153.7+158.5 ng/mL; HCM 150.2+86.7 ng/mL vs. 64.1+17.9 ng/mL of controls) with a positive correlation between CgA and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (DCM, R ¼ 0.86; HCM, R ¼ 0.83), and plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels (DCM, R ¼ 0.88; HCM, R ¼ 0.85) (P , 0.001). Immunohistochemistry showed cytoplasmic expression of CgA and colocalization with BNP in all patients, but not in controls. PCR detected CgA mRNA in both pathologic and normal myocardium, while ELISA showed a significant amount of CgA only in pathologic myocardium (.0.5 mg/g of tissue); gel-filtration HPLC of plasma samples identified immunoreactive N-terminal CgA fragments containing vasostatin-1. Administration of vasostatin-1 to perfused rat heart produced negative inotropic and lusitropic effects counteracting isoproterenol actions. ConclusionWe demonstrate for the first time that CgA is produced by human myocardiumand exerts negative inotropic and lusitropic effects onmammalian heart. CgAmay represent a key player in neuroendocrine regulation of cardiac function and a potential therapeutic target in heart failure.

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