Në këtë studim autori përqëndrohet mbi rolin kulturor, deri sot aspak të nënvlerësuar në historitë kulturore dhe letrare shqiptare, të qytetit të Napolit së qendër e rëndësishme e Rilindjes arbëreshe qoftë në shekullin XVIII qoftë në shekullin XIX dhe rolin udhëheqës që zhvilloi në këtë qytet Kisha e ashtuquajtur ‘greke’, e themeluar në vitin 1580, e cila që në emër të ortodoksisë, lidhte komunitete etnikisht të ndryshme: p.sh. grekë dhe shqiptarë nën Perandorinë osmanë, grekë dhe shqiptarë nën sundimin venecian, arbëreshë të Italisë,etj. Roli i kësaj kishe u rrit gjatë shekullit XVIII me formimin e Regjimentit Mbretëror Maqedonas (1735), të rekrutuar nga Mbretëria e Napolit kryesisht nga Himara, nga Epiri dhe nga ishujt e Eptanezit grek. Këto dy institucione, njëri fetar dhe tjetri ushtarak, domethënë kisha dhe regjimenti, favorizuan konsolidimin e lidhjeve të brendshme midis arbëreshëve të Mbretërisë së Napolit – sidomos të atyre të Sicilisë, të Kalabrisë dhe të Basilikatës që ruanin ritin fetar grek meqenëse brenda Kishës katolike, por edhe midis arbëreshëve dhe shqiptarëve të Himarës dhe të Epirit. Interesi ndaj Lindjes së robëruar nga Perandoria osmane u rrit gjatë shekullit XVIII me lindjen në Evropë, fill pas luftës ruso-turke (1770), të të ashtuquajturit ‘filohelenizmi’, rrymë kulturore që kërkonte mbështetjen e popujve dhe të opinionit publik evropian, sidomos të Rusisë që të bëhej garante e ortodoksisë dhe e lirisë për popullin grek dhe për popujt e tjerë të Lindjes që vuanin nën pushtimin shumëshekullor osman. Nismëtari i lëvizjes kulturore filoheleniste në Itali dhe në Evropë mund të konsiderohet me të drejtë himarjoti Anton Gjika (it. Antonio Gicca), i cili më 1771 botoi në një gazetën të Firencës një thirrje të zjarrtë për lirinë e Greqisë. Brenda kësaj rryme gjejmë edhe intelektualë arbëreshë, si Josif Buljari, Paskal Baffi, Nikollë Keta. Ky i fundit, që me veprat e tij të shumta - letrare, kulturore dhe leksikografike - duhet konsideruar pa hije dyshimi paraardhësi i mirëfilltë i Rilindjes shqiptare, i kushtoi një vëmendje të posaçme politikës së careshës Katerina e dytë në Evropën lindore, duke i çuar asaj përmes një anëtari tjetër të familjes Gjika, Jani, disa vepra të tij letrare. Ja si ndërthuarja e filohelenizmi dhe e filoalbanizmit, në ambientin shqiptaro-arbëresh të kishës greke napoletane, krijuan këtë atmosferë të veçantë që përkrahu lindjen e kësaj lëvizjeje intelektuale dhe kulturore që njihet brenda botës sonë si Rilindja. Dhe këtu bëhet fjalë qoftë për rilindjen e parë arbëreshe, e favorizuar nga të dy Kolegjet arbëreshe të Kalabrisë (1732) dhe të Sicilisë (1735) që vënë themelet e ideologjisë albaniste dhe që kanë shtyrë inteklektualët kishtarë arbëreshë të merreshin me thellimin e studimit të identitetit të tyre shqiptar dhe jo grek, qoftë për Rilindjen e mirëfilltë arbëresho-shqiptare. Vetë shfaqja e një fenomeni letrar si De Rada brenda këtij konteksti napolitan duhet parë si shprehje e klimës së veçantë që zotëronte në këtë qytet kosmopolit, i cili ishte jo vetëm ndër qendrat kulturore më të rëndësishme evropiane, por edhe udhëkryq i popujve të Mesdheut. Jo rastësisht Napoli u bë një pikë takimi mes shqiptarëve, arbëreshëve dhe grekëve që me gjithë dallimet etnike, njiheshin si pjesëtarë të së njëjtës bashkësie fetare, roli kulturor i së cilës deri më sot është nënvlerësuar, por që meriton të çmohet jo vetëm si djep helenizmi, sikurse është mbajtur deri më sot, por edhe si djepi i albanizmit. Pesha që intelektualët arbëreshë arritën të fitonin në Napoli dhe në mjediset intelektuale jugore nga fundi i shekullit XVIII dhe gjatë shekullit XIX lidhet me marrëdhëniet organike që ata vendosën me intelektualët napolitanë më në zë të kohës, disa prej të cilëve kishin vetë prejardhje arbëreshe, si Vincezo Torelli dhe Emanuele Bidera. Po përmendim një sërë figurash të shquara të botës intelektuale arbëreshe si Girolamo De Rada, Angelo Basile, Domenico Mauro, Demetrio Strigari, Pasquale Scura, Cesare Marini, Tommaso Pace etj. të cilët zhvilluan aty një veprimtari të dendur kulturore, sidomos gjatë pjesës së parë të shekullit XIX deri me krijimin e shtetit të ri italian (1861). Edhe më pas vazhdoi ky rol i Napolit si bariqendër kulturore e krejt Jugut të Italisë dhe për arbëreshët, dhe zgjati së paku deri në fillim të shekullit XX. Nuk është e rastit se në këtë qytet janë botuar disa nga veprat më të rëndësishme për letërsinë dhe kulturën arbëreshe të asaj kohe: këtu Jeronim De Rada shtypi të gjitha veprat e fazës së parë të krijimtarisë së tij letrare – përmendim Këngët e Millosaut (1836, 1847), Këngët e Serafinës Thopia (1839, 1843), I Numidi (1846), L’Albania dal 1460 al 1485 (1847), Storie d’Albania dopo il 1460 (Rrëfimet e Arbërit) (1848) – dhe në këtë qytet janë botuar vepra të tjera të rëndësishme nga ana letrare si tragjedia Ines de Castro e Ëngjëll Basile (1847) ose kulturore si Su gli Albanesi, ricerche e pensieri (Mbi Shqiptarët, kërkime dhe mendime) të Vinçenx Dorsës (1848), , por nuk duhet harruar se në këtë qytet doli, me inciativë të vet De Radës, më 1848 gazeta e parë shqiptare në botë: Arbëreshi i Italisë (L’Albanese d’Italia). Roli i kishës greke të Napolit si vatër arbëreshe u shua me një ligj të qeverisë italiane të vitit 1877, pas presioneve të forta të qeverisë greke dhe me përkrahjen e politikës italiane dhe të një arbëreshi oportunist si Françesko Krispi. Me anë të këtij ligji në dukje liberal që anulonte detyrimin e mëparshëm statutor që në këtë kishë të bënin pjesë vetëm besimtarë katolikë të ritit bizantin, u arrit të realizohej synimi i vjetër i lobit të fuqishëm nacionalist grek për të përjashtuar nga komuniteti ortodoks napolitan ata që ishin ‘diversamente greci’ (‘grekë’ ndryshe), siç ishin arbëreshët e Italisë.
Naples, an Important Center of the Arbëresh-Albanian Renaissance in 18th and 19th Centuries (Abstract) In this study, the author focuses on the cultural role, so far understated in the Albanian cultural and literary histories, of the city of Naples, as an important center of the Arbëresh Renaissance, during the eighteenth century and the nineteenth century and the leadership of the so-called 'Greek' church, founded in 1580, which in the name of the Orthodox religion, linked ethnically diverse communities: eg Greeks and Albanians under the Ottoman Empire, Greeks and Albanians under the Venetian rule, the Arberesh of Italy, etc. The role of this church increased during the eighteenth century with the formation of the Royal Regiment of Macedonia (1735), recruited from the Kingdom of Naples primarily from Himara, Epirus and the Eptanese of Greece. These two institutions, one religious and the other military, i.e. the church and the regiment, favored the consolidation of the internal connections between the Arbëresh of the Kingdom of Naples - especially those of Sicily, Calabria and Basilicata, who preserved the Greek religious rite, although within the Catholic Church, as well as among the Arbëresh and the Albanians of Himara and Epirus. The interest for the East enslaved by the Ottoman Empire grew during the eighteenth century, immediately after the Russian-Turkish War (1770), with the rise of the so-called 'filohelenism' in Europe, a cultural movement that sought the support of nations and the European public opinion, especially of Russia so that it becomes a guarantor of the Orthodox religion and the freedom of the Greek people and other nations of the East who suffered under the Ottoman occupation for centuries. Anton Gjika (it. Antonio Gicca), Himarian, can be considered the pioneer of the filohelenistic cultural movement in Italy and in Europe, who in 1771, in a newspaper of Florence published a fervent call for the freedom of Greece. Within this trend , we also find Arberesh intellectuals, like Giuseppe Bugliari, Pasquale Baffi, Nikolla Keta. The latter, who with his many works - literary, cultural and lexicographic - without a shadow of doubt should be considered the real predecessor of the Albanian Renaissance, devoted a special attention to the policy of the Queen Catherine the Second in Eastern Europe, sending her through another Gjika Jani family member, some of his literary works. Here's how the filohelenism and filoalbanism, within the Albanian- Arbëresh environment of the Neapolitan Greek church, created this unique atmosphere that supported the emergence of this intellectual and cultural movement, which within our world is known as the Renaissance. And this is about the first Arbëresh renaissance, favored by both Arbëresh Celleges of Calabria (1732) and of Sicily (1735) that laid the foundations of the Albanologist ideology and have pushed the Arbëresh ecclesiastical Intellectuals to deal with deeper studying of their Albanian and not-Greek identity, as well as the genuine Albanian-Arbëresh Renaissance. The emergence of a literary phenomenon such as De Rada within this Neapolitan context should be considered as an expression of the unique climate that existed in this cosmopolitan city, which was not only among the most important European cultural centers, but also a crossroad for the Mediterranean nations. Not surprisingly Naples became a meeting point between Albanians, Arbëresh and Greeks who despite the ethnic differences were recognized as members of the same religious community, whose cultural role has been underestimated, but which deserves to be appreciated not only as the cradle of Hellenism, as it used to be considered up to date, but also as the cradle of the Albanology. The importance that the Arberesh intellectuals managed to gain in Naples and among the intelectuals of the South by the end of the eighteenth century and during the nineteenth century is associated with the organic relationship that they had with the most prominent Neapolitan intellectuals of the time, some of whom were or had Arbëresh origin, such as Vincezo Torelli and Emanuele Bidera. Let us mention a number of eminent figures of the Arbëresh intellectual world, such as Girolamo De Rada, Angelo Basile, Domenico Mauro, Demetrio Strigari, Pasquale Scura, Cesare Marini, Tommaso Pace etc. who held an intense cultural activity there, especially during the first half of the nineteenth century until the establishment of the new Italian State (1861). This role of Naples as the cultural center of the South of Italy and the Arbëresh continued at least up to the early part of the twentieth century. It is no accident that some of the most important works of the Arbëresh literature and culture of that time were published in this city: Girolamo De Rada published here all his works of the first phase of his literary creativity – Songs of Millosao (1836, 1847), Songs of Serafina Thopia (1839, 1843), I Numidi (1846), L'Albania dal 1460 al 1485 (1847), Storie d’Albania dopo il 1460 stories (Stories of Arber) (1848). Other important literary works, like the tragedy Ines de Castro of Angelo Basile (1847) –or cultural works like Su gli Albanesi, ricerche e pensieri (About Albanians, research and opinions) of Vincenzo Dorsa (1848) were published in this city. It should not be forgotten that, on the initiative of De Rada, the first Albanian newspaper in the world, “L'Albanese d'Italia” (The Albanian of Italy) was published in this city in 1848. The role of the Greek Church of Naples as the Arbëresh heart was extinguished by a 1877 law of the Italian government, following the strong pressures of the Greek government; and, with the support of the Italian politics and an Arbëresh opportunist, Francesco Crispi. Through this seemingly liberal law, which annuled the previous statutory obligation stating that this church belonged only to the Catholics of the Byzantine rite, the ancient goal of the strong Greek loby to exclude from the Neapolitan Orthodox community all those who were different 'Greeks', as were the Arbëresh of Italy was achieved.
Napoli, vatër e rëndësishme e Rilindjes arbëreshe dhe shqiptare (shek.XVIII-XIX)
ALTIMARI, Francesco
2014-01-01
Abstract
Naples, an Important Center of the Arbëresh-Albanian Renaissance in 18th and 19th Centuries (Abstract) In this study, the author focuses on the cultural role, so far understated in the Albanian cultural and literary histories, of the city of Naples, as an important center of the Arbëresh Renaissance, during the eighteenth century and the nineteenth century and the leadership of the so-called 'Greek' church, founded in 1580, which in the name of the Orthodox religion, linked ethnically diverse communities: eg Greeks and Albanians under the Ottoman Empire, Greeks and Albanians under the Venetian rule, the Arberesh of Italy, etc. The role of this church increased during the eighteenth century with the formation of the Royal Regiment of Macedonia (1735), recruited from the Kingdom of Naples primarily from Himara, Epirus and the Eptanese of Greece. These two institutions, one religious and the other military, i.e. the church and the regiment, favored the consolidation of the internal connections between the Arbëresh of the Kingdom of Naples - especially those of Sicily, Calabria and Basilicata, who preserved the Greek religious rite, although within the Catholic Church, as well as among the Arbëresh and the Albanians of Himara and Epirus. The interest for the East enslaved by the Ottoman Empire grew during the eighteenth century, immediately after the Russian-Turkish War (1770), with the rise of the so-called 'filohelenism' in Europe, a cultural movement that sought the support of nations and the European public opinion, especially of Russia so that it becomes a guarantor of the Orthodox religion and the freedom of the Greek people and other nations of the East who suffered under the Ottoman occupation for centuries. Anton Gjika (it. Antonio Gicca), Himarian, can be considered the pioneer of the filohelenistic cultural movement in Italy and in Europe, who in 1771, in a newspaper of Florence published a fervent call for the freedom of Greece. Within this trend , we also find Arberesh intellectuals, like Giuseppe Bugliari, Pasquale Baffi, Nikolla Keta. The latter, who with his many works - literary, cultural and lexicographic - without a shadow of doubt should be considered the real predecessor of the Albanian Renaissance, devoted a special attention to the policy of the Queen Catherine the Second in Eastern Europe, sending her through another Gjika Jani family member, some of his literary works. Here's how the filohelenism and filoalbanism, within the Albanian- Arbëresh environment of the Neapolitan Greek church, created this unique atmosphere that supported the emergence of this intellectual and cultural movement, which within our world is known as the Renaissance. And this is about the first Arbëresh renaissance, favored by both Arbëresh Celleges of Calabria (1732) and of Sicily (1735) that laid the foundations of the Albanologist ideology and have pushed the Arbëresh ecclesiastical Intellectuals to deal with deeper studying of their Albanian and not-Greek identity, as well as the genuine Albanian-Arbëresh Renaissance. The emergence of a literary phenomenon such as De Rada within this Neapolitan context should be considered as an expression of the unique climate that existed in this cosmopolitan city, which was not only among the most important European cultural centers, but also a crossroad for the Mediterranean nations. Not surprisingly Naples became a meeting point between Albanians, Arbëresh and Greeks who despite the ethnic differences were recognized as members of the same religious community, whose cultural role has been underestimated, but which deserves to be appreciated not only as the cradle of Hellenism, as it used to be considered up to date, but also as the cradle of the Albanology. The importance that the Arberesh intellectuals managed to gain in Naples and among the intelectuals of the South by the end of the eighteenth century and during the nineteenth century is associated with the organic relationship that they had with the most prominent Neapolitan intellectuals of the time, some of whom were or had Arbëresh origin, such as Vincezo Torelli and Emanuele Bidera. Let us mention a number of eminent figures of the Arbëresh intellectual world, such as Girolamo De Rada, Angelo Basile, Domenico Mauro, Demetrio Strigari, Pasquale Scura, Cesare Marini, Tommaso Pace etc. who held an intense cultural activity there, especially during the first half of the nineteenth century until the establishment of the new Italian State (1861). This role of Naples as the cultural center of the South of Italy and the Arbëresh continued at least up to the early part of the twentieth century. It is no accident that some of the most important works of the Arbëresh literature and culture of that time were published in this city: Girolamo De Rada published here all his works of the first phase of his literary creativity – Songs of Millosao (1836, 1847), Songs of Serafina Thopia (1839, 1843), I Numidi (1846), L'Albania dal 1460 al 1485 (1847), Storie d’Albania dopo il 1460 stories (Stories of Arber) (1848). Other important literary works, like the tragedy Ines de Castro of Angelo Basile (1847) –or cultural works like Su gli Albanesi, ricerche e pensieri (About Albanians, research and opinions) of Vincenzo Dorsa (1848) were published in this city. It should not be forgotten that, on the initiative of De Rada, the first Albanian newspaper in the world, “L'Albanese d'Italia” (The Albanian of Italy) was published in this city in 1848. The role of the Greek Church of Naples as the Arbëresh heart was extinguished by a 1877 law of the Italian government, following the strong pressures of the Greek government; and, with the support of the Italian politics and an Arbëresh opportunist, Francesco Crispi. Through this seemingly liberal law, which annuled the previous statutory obligation stating that this church belonged only to the Catholics of the Byzantine rite, the ancient goal of the strong Greek loby to exclude from the Neapolitan Orthodox community all those who were different 'Greeks', as were the Arbëresh of Italy was achieved.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.