Insight into diffusive and convective processes affecting gold nanoparticles microclustering by multiphoton photoreduction

Multi-photon direct laser writing (MP-DLW) in polymeric matrices doped with a tetrachloroauric acid (HAuCl4) water solution allows creating clusters of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) inside the focus figure of a tightly focused ultrafast laser beam. The key physical phenomena involved in the process are analyzed, with the aim to assess the limits and potential of this promising technology. Multi Photon Absorption (MPA) triggers the photo-reduction of AuCl4– ions and the consequent creation of GNPs in the spotted volume. Thermal electronic decays lead to a local abrupt increase of the temperature, which influences the morphology of the created structures. At the same time, two different effects take place, related to the dehydration of the polymeric matrix, and the concentration gradient of the gold precursor upon localized photoreduction. Given their different timescales, these phenomena allow for controlling the GNPs density and size dispersity when a given energy dose is delivered in multiple exposures, tuning the delay between consecutive laser exposures. A simple yet effective experiment to estimate the temperature distribution at the micron-scale is also proposed.