Hydrodynamics of flow over a gradually varied bed roughness

Turbulence characteristics in a fully developed flow over a gradually varied bed roughness are investigated. The results of the Reynolds stress profiles indicate that they increase with an increase in bed roughness height. Their peaks occur within the wall-shear layer close to the bed. Besides, the bed shear stress rises in accordance with the roughness height. The roughness-induced layer grows as the roughness height increases with the streamwise distance. The velocity profiles fitted with the logarithmic law reveal that the zero-velocity level is elevated as the roughness height increases, but the zero-plane displacement is not influenced by the roughness. The turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) flux results indicate that an inrush of faster moving fluid parcels composing the sweep event is the dominant mechanism in the near-bed flow zone. The magnitude of the sweep event escalates, as the roughness height increases. On the other hand, a process of slowly moving fluid parcels forming the ejection event prevails in the outer flow layer. The TKE flux results agree with those obtained from the bursting analysis. Concerning the TKE budget, the peaks of the TKE production, dissipation, and pressure energy diffusion rates being positive appear near the bed and grow as the roughness height increases, whereas the peak of the TKE diffusion rate being negative behaves in the similar way as the other terms of the TKE budget behave.