The consolidating and adhesive properties of funori: microscopy findings on common and ancient paper samples

Aim of the present work was to deepen the knowledge on the effects of funori on cellulose fibers with par-ticular attention paid to their consolidation. Compared to canvas, paper samples (untreated or artificiallyaged) show different fiber packaging and liquid-absorbing properties. Herein, we conducted observationsof cellulose fibers by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to evaluate the seaweed extractionmethod employed in this work, as well the consolidation action had on the fibers through multipleadditions of the prepared solutions. Surface homogeneity and fiber stiffness observed by us increasedover time and the fibers, initially frayed and disordered, were eventually incorporated into the purifiedfunori after several solution additions accompanied also by a progressive occlusion of the pores. Theachieved consolidation effect was confirmed by means of mechanical tests. Moreover, the method hereindeveloped was slightly modified in view of the application of the funori solution to a cultural asset ofhistorical and botanical interest, still scarcely studied. Electronic microscopy allowed us to evaluate theconsolidation and gluing effect obtained through subsequent funori applications.