Approximate Analytical Approach for Fast Prediction of Microwave Sensor Response: Numerical Analysis and Results

In medical applications, microwave sensors are usually employed to work in direct contact with the human body, therefore requiring an accurate prediction of the electromagnetic interactions with biological tissues. While full-wave simulations can be useful to achieve the above task, they are computationally expensive, especially for iterative sensor optimization. Analytical models may offer a more efficient alternative, but they are often complex, and they must be formulated in a practical way to be useful. As a result, approximate approaches can be advantageous. Traditional approaches, such as plane-wave approximations and transmission-line models, often fail to capture key sensing features. This paper presents an approximate analytical model for standard-aperture sensor configurations to predict the sensor response in terms of the reflection coefficient when placed above a layered medium. The model is based on the assumption that the electromagnetic interaction is primarily governed by the sensor’s dominant mode. Full-wave simulations in the 2–3 GHz frequency range (relevant for medical applications) demonstrate strong agreement with the analytical model, thereby validating its effectiveness as a first-order approximation for sensor–tissue interactions. This provides a reliable and computationally efficient tool to properly manage microwave sensors design in medical applications.