Functionalized Cellulose from Citrus Waste as a Sustainable Oil Adsorbent Material

Oil spills are a significant environmental issue for marine wildlife and coastal communities. Cellulose derived from citrus peel industrial waste is an interesting, economical, and eco-friendly advantageous material that was used for the first time with the aim of developing a low-cost and sustainable sorbent for water purification. Citrus peel cellulose was grafted with methyl acrylate to enhance hydrophobicity and favor the oil adsorption in aqueous media. Grafting copolymerization was performed in a simple manner, and the conditions were optimized in terms of monomer concentration, amount of catalyst, time, and temperature. The modified cellulose polymer was obtained in different grafting percentages, with a maximum of 93% grafting. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H NMR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis were used to confirm the graft copolymerization of poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) onto the mercerized cellulose. Finally, the oil adsorption capacity of selected copolymers from freshwater, artificial seawater, and seawater samples was tested in a continuous-flow system. The results showed promising performance retaining diesel in seawater (4.01 g oil/g cellulose), demonstrating the use of agri-food waste as a natural sorbent in oil removal.