Membranes Based on Metal–Organic Framework Nanostructures for Recovering Nickel, Cobalt, and Manganese Ions from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are central to sustainable energy technologies, and while lithium (Li) is the most recognized component, its rapid growth has also intensified demand for other critical metals, particularly manganese (Mn(II)), nickel (Ni(II)), and cobalt (Co(II)). Recovering these valuable metal cations from spent LIBs and associated wastewater is essential to reduce production costs, conserve resources, and mitigate environmental risks. Here, we present mixed matrix membranes (MOF-PES MMMs) as versatile adsorbents for the simultaneous recovery of Ni(II), Co(II), and Mn(II) from multicomponent solutions. Five metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-ZIF-8, MIL-53(Al), UiO-66, and their amino-functionalized analogues (NH2-MIL-53(Al) and NH2-UiO-66)-were synthesized and incorporated into poly(ether sulfone) (PES) membranes. The choice of MOF filler significantly influenced metal affinity, with amino functionalization enhancing adsorption relative to the parent structures. Among all formulations, ZIF-8-PES exhibited broad-spectrum performance, achieving >90% removal efficiency for all three metal ions simultaneously as well as excellent reusability for at least three cycles. These results-achieved using oligomineral water with common interferons present in solution-highlight MOF-PES MMMs as efficient, scalable platforms for multimetal recovery, offering a sustainable pathway for LIB recycling.